IN THE BEGINNING, HISTORIANS REFERRED TO THIS CIVILIZATION AS THE INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION.

In addition to the historical and cultural material of this phase, catches of copper and bronze objects have been discovered at excavated sites in various parts of India, including Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa, and Karnataka are among the states that have been discovered. These sites were supposed to represent a separate copper hoard culture due to the fact that these items were discovered in hoards, which totaled around one thousand artifacts and were located in 85 different locations throughout the states named above. At a location in Uttar Pradesh known as Sabai, a copper harpoon was discovered in conjunction with a type of pottery that is referred to as ochre colored pottery (ocp). The copper items are not discovered in direct conjunction with ocp, despite the fact that some of the other copper hoard sites have produced ocp via their collections. As a result of the fact that more than one hundred sites in the Ganga-Yamuna doab have produced pottery that is distinctive to this culture, these sites are referred to as belonging to the ocp culture. The ocp culture is replaced by the black and red ware (brw) and painted grey ware (pgw) cultures, which may be identified by the kinds of pottery that they produce. There is an unique concentration of painted grey ware sites in the history of north India, and thirty of these sites have been unearthed. These sites are located in the state of Haryana and the upper Ganga valley. The painted grey ware culture is the first to make use of iron, and the subsequent phase, which is referred to as the northern black polished ware (nbp) culture, is the one in which its use becomes more common. The beginnings of urbanization may also be seen in block 2, which begins in the sixth century B.C. You have gained knowledge about the antecedent phases of Harappan culture and civilization, as well as numerous elements of these cultures and societies. You are also familiar with the geographical expansion of this species as well as the factors that led to its decline and propagation. As part of this course, we will acquire knowledge on the post-Harappan, chalcolithic, and early iron age cultures that were prevalent in the northern, western, central, and eastern regions of India. As a result of reading this unit, you will be able to acquire knowledge regarding the following topics: the geographical location and the adaptation of the people to the local conditions; the type of houses they lived in; the types of food they grew and the types of tools and implements they used; the types of pottery they used; the types of religious beliefs they held; and the changes that took place during the early iron age. a) Agriculture: The greatest occupation of the people who lived in the Indus Valley was agriculture. In some areas, they cultivated rice in addition to wheat, barley, and peas. Not only did they create enough for themselves, but they also produced enough for traders. When it came to irrigating their property, they did not use canals. The yearly flood supplied sufficient moisture for the cultivation of crops. A wooden plough share was used in order to cultivate the land. There is a lack of certainty about the usage of animals. b) The domestication of animals: based on the indus seals, it is possible to assert that a great number of animals, including as goats, buffaloes, oxen, elephants, dogs, and camels, were brought under human control and domesticated. The Harappans, on the other hand, do not seem to have been associated with the horse.